Embedded System's and Solar Pannel

Solar Power

In solar panel light energy of photon converted to electric current

Working of solar panel

Above is the bad diagram of solar cell.Here there is very low power and very low illumination as a result of very low illumination.In hazy environment these parameters further fluctuate.

Arduino Connection to Solar Pannel

Components Use

Solar Pannel—3.3V Pin of Arduino through Diode(to protect battery from draining at night)

Batteries-3.3V Pin of Arduino

DIP SWITCH-A0,A1,A3 pin (that allows the user to select one of eight different demonstration programs to run)

1000 OHM resistor-other side of pin of Arduino that further connected to gnd of solar panel

Output to Solarpannel (that allows the user to select one of eight different demonstration programs to run )-A4 pin of arduino

The software can then go to sleep, so the solar panel can charge the battery faster.

When night comes, the program wakes up, and starts making patterns on the LED lights that are attached to pins D2 through D12

Anyway Arduino is not the best choice as the little computer uses up almost 55 milliamperes of current even when it is asleep and not doing anything

solar panel produces 90 milliamperes when lying horizontally in the full sun

If the computer is using up 55 miiliamps, that leaves only 35 milliamps to charge the batteries

Assuming six hours of sunlight per day

we get 210 milliampere-hours of charge

That can run the computer for less than 4 hours

BUT ANYWAY AFTER YOU READ ITS CODE.WE WILL DICUSS ABOUT BETTER OPTION WHICH IS MSP430 CHIP

Firmware of this task is written below

#include <avr/sleep.h>

#include <avr/power.h>

#include <avr/wdt.h>

unsigned char values[14] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 };

unsigned int index = 0;

enum { DEMO, COMET, THROB, TWINKLE, STAR, TRAIN, BOUNCE, RANDOM_WALK, DAYLIGHT } mode;

enum

{

WD_8S = (1<<WDIE) | (1<<WDP3) | (0<<WDP2) | (0<<WDP1) | (1<<WDP0), // 8.000 seconds

WD_4S = (1<<WDIE) | (1<<WDP3) | (0<<WDP2) | (0<<WDP1) | (0<<WDP0), // 4.000 seconds

WD_2S = (1<<WDIE) | (0<<WDP3) | (1<<WDP2) | (1<<WDP1) | (1<<WDP0), // 2.000 seconds

WD_1S = (1<<WDIE) | (0<<WDP3) | (1<<WDP2) | (1<<WDP1) | (0<<WDP0), // 1.000 second

WD_120MS = (1<<WDIE) | (0<<WDP3) | (0<<WDP2) | (1<<WDP1) | (1<<WDP0), // 125 milliseconds

WD_60MS = (1<<WDIE) | (0<<WDP3) | (0<<WDP2) | (1<<WDP1) | (0<<WDP0), // 64 milliseconds

WD_30MS = (1<<WDIE) | (0<<WDP3) | (0<<WDP2) | (0<<WDP1) | (1<<WDP0), // 32 milliseconds

WD_16MS = (1<<WDIE) | (0<<WDP3) | (0<<WDP2) | (0<<WDP1) | (0<<WDP0) // 16 milliseconds

};

class Throb

{

unsigned char brightness;

unsigned char pin;

unsigned char increment;

public:

Throb( int b, int p ) { brightness = b; pin = p; increment = 1; pinMode( pin, OUTPUT ); }

void change( void )

{

if( brightness > 100 )

increment = -1;

else if( brightness <= 0 )

increment = 1;

brightness += increment;

analogWrite( pin, brightness );

}

void stop( void )

{

analogWrite( pin, 0 );

}

};

Throb *a, *b, *c, *d, *e, *f;

long int itrain = 0b11111;

int train_length = 5;

int how_many_pd_lights = 8;

int how_many_pb_lights = 6;

int total_lights = 8 + 6;

int x = 0;

void

setup()

{

MCUSR &= ~(1<<WDRF); // Clear the watchdog timer reset flag.

WDTCSR &= ~(1<<WDE); // Clear the Watchdog Enable bit.

DDRD = 0b11111100;

DDRB = 0b11111;

PORTD = 0xFF;

PORTB = 0xFF;

PORTD = 0;

PORTB = 0;

pinMode( A0, INPUT_PULLUP ); // Use internal pullup resistor

digitalWrite( A0, HIGH ); // Use internal pullup resistor

pinMode( A1, INPUT_PULLUP ); // Use internal pullup resistor

digitalWrite( A1, HIGH ); // Use internal pullup resistor

pinMode( A2, INPUT_PULLUP ); // Use internal pullup resistor

digitalWrite( A2, HIGH ); // Use internal pullup resistor

mode = DEMO;

a = new Throb( 5, PD3 );

b = new Throb( 16, PD5 );

c = new Throb( 32, PD6 );

d = new Throb( 12, PB1+8 );

e = new Throb( 40, PB2+8 );

f = new Throb( 50, PB3+8 );

// Power saving:

// Disable the ADC by setting the ADEN bit (bit 7) to zero.

ADCSRA = ADCSRA & 0b01111111;

// Disable the analog comparator by setting the ACD bit (bit 7) to one.

ACSR = 0b10000000;

// We couls also disable digital input buffers on all analog input pins by setting bits 0-5 to one,

// But we are using A0, A1, A2, and A4.

// DIDR0 = DIDR0 | 0b00111111;

}

void

wdt( int flags )

{

MCUSR &= ~(1<<WDRF); // Clear the watchdog timer reset flag.

WDTCSR |= (1<<WDCE) | (1<<WDE); // Allow the next line to work

WDTCSR = flags; // Set the timeout

MCUSR &= ~(1<<WDRF); // Clear the watchdog timer reset flag.

}

ISR( WDT_vect )

{

MCUSR = 0; // Turn off the watchdog timer

WDTCSR |= (1<<WDCE) | (1<<WDE); // Allow change to WDTCSR

WDTCSR = 0; // Watchdog stopped

}

void

power_down( int flags )

{

wdt( flags );

set_sleep_mode( SLEEP_MODE_PWR_DOWN );

sleep_enable();

sleep_mode();

// The program will continue from here after the WDT timeout

sleep_disable(); // First thing to do is disable sleep.

power_all_enable(); // Re-enable the peripherals.

// Power saving:

// Disable the ADC by setting the ADEN bit (bit 7) to zero.

ADCSRA = ADCSRA & 0b01111111;

// Disable the analog comparator by setting the ACD bit (bit 7) to one.

ACSR = 0b10000000;

}

unsigned char

getMode( void )

{

if( digitalRead( A4 ) )

return DAYLIGHT;

unsigned char mode = digitalRead( A0 ) << 2;

mode |= digitalRead( A1 ) << 1;

mode |= digitalRead( A2 );

mode = (~mode) & 0b111;

return mode;

}

// Comet controls the brightness of 14 LEDs on a scale from 0 to 13.

// As the pattern moves right to left (or clockwise if the LEDs are arranged

// in a circle, the brightest LED is at the front, and subsequent LEDs are

// each one step dimmer, like the tail of a comet.

void

comet( void )

{

int lights = 0;

for( int x = 0; x < 50; x++ )

{

lights = 0;

for( int y = 0; y < 14; y++ )

{

if( x < 1<<values[y] )

{

lights |= 1 << y;

}

PORTD = lights & 0b11111100;

PORTB = (lights >> 8) & 0b11111;

}

values[index]--;

values[index++] &= 0xF;

index %= 14;

}

// Throb is a class that brightens and dims an LED in a cycle, so it appears to throb.

// The constructor takes an initial brightness, and a pin number as arguments.

// Calling the method change() causes the brightness to change.

// By starting each LED off with a different brightness, they will change out of sync

// with one another. By calling the change() method a different number of times for each LED,

// they will throb at different rates.

// Only six LEDs can be controlled: PD3, PD5, PD6, PB1, PB2, and PB3.

void

throb( void )

{

delay( 20 );